Middlesex

Middlesex
Historic county
1965
Flag Coat of arms
Middlesex within Great Britain as in 1888
Area
• 1801/1881	734 km2 (181,320 acres)[1]
• 1911	601.8 km2 (148,701 acres)[2]
• 1961	601.7 km2 (148,691 acres)[2]
• Coordinates	51°30′N 0°25′W / 51.500°N 0.417°W / 51.500; -0.417
Area transferred
• 1889	Metropolitan parishes to County of London
Population
• 1801	818,129[1]
• 1881	2,920,485[1]
• 1911	1,126,465[2]
• 1961	2,234,543[2]
Density
• 1801	11 inhabitants per hectare (4.5/acre)
• 1881	40 inhabitants per hectare (16.1/acre)
• 1911	19 inhabitants per hectare (7.6/acre)
• 1961	37 inhabitants per hectare (15/acre)
History
• Preceded by	Kingdom of Essex
• Origin	Middle Saxons
• Created	Early Middle Ages
Status	Ceremonial county (until 1965) Administrative county (1889–1965)
Chapman code	MDX[note 1]
Government	Middlesex Quarter Sessions (until 1889)[note 2] Within the metropolis: Metropolitan Board of Works (1855–1889) Middlesex County Council (1889–1965)
• HQ	see text
Subdivisions
• Type	Hundreds (ancient) Districts (1835–1965)

Middlesex (/ˈmɪdəlsɛks/; abbreviation: Middx) was a county in southeast England.^[3] Its area was almost entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in neighbouring ceremonial counties. The county's boundaries largely followed three rivers: the Thames in the south, the Lea to the east and the Colne to the west. A line of hills formed the northern boundary with Hertfordshire.

Middlesex county's name derives from its origin as the Middle Saxon Province of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Essex, with the county of Middlesex subsequently formed from part of that territory in either the ninth or tenth century, and remaining an administrative unit until 1965. The county was the second smallest of the historic counties of England, after Rutland.

The City of London became a county corporate in the 12th century; this gave it self-governance, and it was also able to exert political control over the rest of Middlesex as the Sheriffs of London were given jurisdiction in Middlesex, though the county otherwise remained separate.^[4] To the east of the City, the Tower Division (or Tower Hamlets) had considerable autonomy under its own Lord Lieutenant. To the west, precincts around Westminster and Charing Cross became built up.

As built up areas of London expanded into rural Middlesex, even given the London Sheriffs' jurisdiction, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the City of London boundaries into the county, posing problems for the administration of local government, public infrastructure, and justice. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East and West Ends of London. In 1855, in response to some of these challenges the densely populated southeast, together with sections of Kent and Surrey, came under the Metropolitan Board of Works for certain infrastructure purposes, while remaining a part of Middlesex,^[5] and the Metropolitan Police also developed in the 19th century.

When county councils were introduced in 1889, about 20% of the area of the historic county, along with a third of its population, was incorporated into the new administrative County of London, with the rest forming the administrative county of Middlesex, governed by the Middlesex County Council^[6] that met regularly at the Middlesex Guildhall in Westminster. Further suburban growth, stimulated by the improvement and expansion of public transport,^[7] as well as the setting up of new industries, led to the creation of Greater London in 1965, an area which included almost all of the historic county of Middlesex, with the rest included in neighbouring ceremonial counties.^[8]

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